Things worth noting:
* When a fullscreen view unmaps, the check to unset fullscreen on the
workspace has been moved out of view_unmap and into container_destroy,
because containers can be fullscreen too
* The calls to `container_reap_empty_recursive(workspace)` have been
removed from `container_set_floating`. That function reaps upwards so it
wouldn't do anything. I'm probably the one who originally added it...
* My fix (b14bd1b0b1) for the tabbed child
crash has a side effect where when you close a floating container, focus
is not given to the tiled container again. I've removed my fix and
removed the call to `send_cursor_motion` from `seat_set_focus_warp`. We
should consider calling it from somewhere earlier in the call stack.
After setting the keymap, try to enable NumLock and disable CapsLock.
This only works if sway has the xkb master state and controls the keyboard.
Prepare configuration settings for later use as well.
The rendering code doesn't use the exclusive input surface at all
anymore to decide to skip rendering of shell surfaces. This fixes
a weird situation in which a client requests exclusive input but
isn't an overlay layer surface.
The renderer also renders all overlay surfaces in this situation,
not just one. This simplifies the code and fixes rendering when
there are more than one overlay surfaces (e.g. for a virtual
keyboard to type the lockscreen password).
The mouse binding logic is inspired/copied from the
keyboard binding logic; we store a sorted list of the
currently pressed buttons, and trigger a binding when
the currently pressed (or just recently pressed, in
the case of a release binding) buttons, as well as
modifiers/container region, match those of a given
binding.
As the code to execute a binding is not very keyboard
specific, keyboard_execute_command is renamed to
seat_execute_command and moved to where the other
binding handling functions are. The call to
transaction_commit_dirty has been lifted out.
First, the existing sway_binding structure is given an
enumerated type code. As all flags to bindsym/bindcode
are boolean, a single uint32 is used to hold all flags.
The _BORDER, _CONTENTS, _TITLEBAR flags, when active,
indicate in which part of a container the binding can
trigger; to localize complexity, they do not overlap
with the command line arguments, which center around
_TITLEBAR being set by default.
The keyboard handling code is adjusted for this change,
as is binding_key_compare; note that BINDING_LOCKED
is *not* part of the key portion of the binding.
Next, list of mouse bindings is introduced and cleaned up.
Finally, the binding command parsing code is extended
to handle the case where bindsym is used to describe
a mouse binding rather than a keysym binding; the
difference between the two may be detected as late as
when the first key/button is parsed, or as early as
the first flag. As bindings can have multiple
keycodes/keysyms/buttons, mixed keysym/button sequences
are prohibited.
Implements the following commands:
* move scratchpad
* scratchpad show
* [criteria] scratchpad show
Also fixes these:
* Fix memory leak when executing command with criteria
(use `list_free(views)` instead of `free(views)`)
* Fix crash when running `move to` with no further arguments
This allows to update the title even if the view doesn't commit.
This is useful e.g. when a terminal sets its toplevel title to
the currently running command and when the view isn't visible.
Also does a few other related things:
* Now uses enum wlr_edges instead of our own enum resize_edge
* Now uses wlr_xcursor_get_resize_name and removes our own
find_resize_edge_name
* Renames drag to move for consistency
This implements the following:
* `floating_modifier` configuration directive
* Drag a floating window by its title bar
* Hold mod + drag a floating window from anywhere
* Resize a floating view by dragging the border
* Resize a floating view by holding mod and right clicking anywhere on
the view
* Resize a floating view and keep aspect ratio by holding shift while
resizing using either method
* Mouse cursor turns into resize when hovering floating border or corner
The directive sets the timeout before an urgent view becomes normal
again after switching to it from another workspace.
Also:
* When an xwayland surface removes the urgent hint while the timer is
active, we now ignore the request. This happens as soon as the view
receives focus, so it was effectively making the timer pointless.
* The timeout is now only applied when switching to it from another
workspace.
As well as ignoring scroll events on status elements when click_events
is enabled.
Previously, using the scroll wheel on a workspace button would switch to
that workspace instead of scrolling through them. Clicks and scrolling
on status elements would always be processed by swaybar, too. So in case
you were using scrolling as volume control on a status item, swaybar
would additionally scroll through your workspaces.
This removes the urgency stuff from the commit handler and puts it in a
new set_hints handler instead. This allows the xwayland surface to
become urgent without having to commit (which doesn't happen if it's on
an non-visible workspace).
Introduces a command to manually set urgency, as well as rendering of
urgent views, sending the IPC event, removing urgency after focused for
one second, and matching urgent views via criteria.
Rather than maintain copies of the entire focus stack, this PR
transactionises the focus by introducing two new properties to the
container state and using those when rendering.
* `bool focused` means this container has actual focus. Only one
container should have this equalling true in its current state.
* `struct sway_container *focus_inactive_child` points to the immediate
child that was most recently focused (eg. for tabbed and stacked
containers).
We currently have several ways of setting debug flags, including command
line arguments, environment variables, and compile-time macros. This
replaces the lot with command line flags.
This PR changes the way we handle transactions to a more simple method.
The new method is to mark containers as dirty from low level code
(eg. arranging, or container_destroy, and eventually seat_set_focus),
then call transaction_commit_dirty which picks up those containers and
runs them through a transaction. The old methods of using transactions
(arrange_and_commit, or creating one manually) are now no longer
possible.
The highest-level code (execute_command and view implementation
handlers) will call transaction_commit_dirty, so most other code just
needs to set containers as dirty. This is done by arranging, but can
also be done by calling container_set_dirty.
This commit introduces a scroll_button option, which is intended to be
used with scroll_method. Now user can edit his sway config and add an
scroll_button option to device section.
The only user of this function would copy the string right away
to get rid of the const flag anyway, and freeing a const string
afterwards might work but is not meant to be done according to the
json-c API.
wl_event_source_remove() is illegal after display has been destroyed,
so just destroy everything when we still can.
==20392==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x607000001240 at pc 0x00000048e86e bp 0x7ffe4b557e00 sp 0x7ffe4b557df0
READ of size 8 at 0x607000001240 thread T0
#0 0x48e86d in wl_list_insert ../common/list.c:149
#1 0x7fdf673d4d7d in wl_event_source_remove src/event-loop.c:487
#2 0x41b742 in ipc_terminate ../sway/ipc-server.c:94
#3 0x40b1ad in main ../sway/main.c:440
#4 0x7fdf6664c18a in __libc_start_main ../csu/libc-start.c:308
#5 0x409359 in _start (/opt/wayland/bin/sway+0x409359)
0x607000001240 is located 48 bytes inside of 72-byte region [0x607000001210,0x607000001258)
freed by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7fdf692c4880 in __interceptor_free (/lib64/libasan.so.5+0xee880)
#1 0x7fdf673d371a in wl_display_destroy src/wayland-server.c:1097
previously allocated by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7fdf692c4c48 in malloc (/lib64/libasan.so.5+0xeec48)
#1 0x7fdf673d4d9e in wl_event_loop_create src/event-loop.c:522
#2 0x40acb2 in main ../sway/main.c:363
#3 0x7fdf6664c18a in __libc_start_main ../csu/libc-start.c:308
When you spawn a process with the exec command, sway now notes the
workspace you had focused and the pid of the child process, then assigns
that workspace to the child when its window appears.
Some of this is carried over from sway 0.15, but with some major
refactoring and centralization of state.
Rather than allocate a structure and expect callers to free it, take a
pointer to an existing struct as an argument.
This function is no longer called anywhere though.
Both sway_output and sway_layer_shell listen to wlr's output destroy event,
but sway_layer_shell needs to access into sway_output's data strucure and needs
to be destroyed first.
Resolve this by making sway_layer_shell listen to a new event that happens at
start of sway_output's destroy handler
Some operations during backend creation (e.g. becoming DRM master)
require CAP_SYS_ADMIN privileges. At this point, sway has dropped them
already, though. This patch splits the privileged part of server_init
into its own function and calls it before dropping its privileges.
This fixes the bug with minimal security implications.
* Ensure that modifier keys are identified even when the next key does
not produce a keysym. This requires that modifier change tracking
be done for each sway_shortcut_state.
* Permit regular and --release shortcuts on the same key combination.
Distinct bindings are identified for press and release cases; note
that the release binding needs to be identified for both key press
and key release events.
* Maintain ascending sort order for the shortcut state list, and keep
track of the number of pressed key ids, for simpler (and hence
faster) searching of the list of key bindings.
* Move binding duplicate detection into get_active_binding to avoid
duplicating error messages.
Sort the list comprising the set of keys for the binding in ascending
order. (Keyboard shortcuts depend only on the set of simultaneously
pressed keys, not their order, so this change should have no external
effect.) This simplifies comparisons between bindings.
* The arrange_foo functions are now replaced with arrange_and_commit, or
with manually created transactions and arrange_windows x2.
* The arrange functions are now only called from the highest level
functions rather than from both high level and low level functions.
* Due to the previous point, view_set_fullscreen_raw and
view_set_fullscreen are both merged into one function again.
* Floating and fullscreen are now working with transactions.
The whole state->xcb.modifiers thing didn't work at all (always 0)
The xkb doc says "[xkb_state_serialize_mods] should not be used in
regular clients; please use the xkb_state_mod_*_is_active API instead"
so here it is
The same shortcut algorithm is now used for keycodes,
raw keysyms, and translated keysyms. Pressed keysyms
are now stored in association with the keycodes that
generated them. Modifier keycodes (and associated
keysyms) are identified retroactively by the subsequent
change to the modifier flags.
Adds the --locked flag to bindsym and bindcode commands.
When a keyboard's associated seat has an exclusive client
(i.e, a screenlocker), then bindings are only executed if
they have the locked flag. When there is no such client,
this restriction is lifted.
* Add and use lenient_strcat and lenient_strncat functions
* Rename `concatenate_child_titles` function as that's no longer what it
does
* Rename `container_notify_child_title_changed` because we only need to
notify that the tree structure has changed, not titles
* Don't notify parents when a child changes its title
* Update ancestor titles when changing a container's layout
* Eg. create nested tabs and change the inner container to stacking
* No need to store tree presentation in both container->name and
formatted_title
Swayidle handles idle events and allows
for dpms and lockscreen handling. It also
handles systemd sleep events, and can
raise a lockscreen on sleep
Fixes#541
The criteria struct now uses properties for each token type rather than
the list_t list of tokens. The reason for this is that different token
types have different data types: pcre, string and number to name a few.
This solution should be more flexible moving forward. A bonus of this is
that criteria is now easier to understand when looking at the struct
definition.
The criteria parser has been rewritten because the previous one didn't
support valueless pairs (eg. [class="foo" floating]).
Criteria now has types. Types at the moment are CT_COMMAND,
CT_ASSIGN_WORKSPACE and CT_ASSIGN_OUTPUT. i3 uses types as well.
Previously the assign command was creating a criteria with 'move to
workspace <name>' as its command, but this caused the window to appear
briefly on the focused workspace before being moved to the assigned
workspace. It now creates the view directly in the assigned workspace.
Each view will only execute a given criteria once. This is achieved by
storing a list of executed criteria in the view. This is the same
strategy used by i3.
Escaping now works properly. Previously you could do things like
[class="Fire\"fox"] and the stored value would be 'Fire\"fox', but it
should be (and now is) 'Fire"fox'.
The public functions in criteria.c are now all prefixed with criteria_.
Xwayland views now listen to the set_title, set_class and
set_window_type events and criteria will be run when these happen. XDG
shell has none of these events so it continues to update the title in
handle_commit.
Each view type's get_prop function has been split into get_string_prop
and get_int_prop because some properties like the X11 window ID and
window type are numeric.
The following new criteria tokens are now supported:
* id (X11 window ID)
* instance
* tiling
* workspace
This implements the title_format command, with a new placeholder %shell
which gets substituted with the view type (xwayland, xdg_shell_v6 or
wl_shell).
Example config:
for_window [title=".*"] title_format %title (class=%class instance=%instance shell=%shell)
Implements rendering of borders. Title text is still to do.
Implements the following configuration directives:
* client.focused
* client.focused_inactive
* client.unfocused
* client.urgent
* border
* default_border
Replaces arrange_windows() with arrange_root(), arrange_output(),
arrange_workspace() and arrange_children_of().
Also makes fullscreen views save and restore their dimensions, which
allows it to preserve any custom resize and is also a requirement for
floating views once they are implemented.
- Replace char* with static array. Any chars > 1024 will be discarded.
- mlock() password buffer so it can't be written to swap.
- Clear password buffer after auth succeeds or fails.
This is basically the same treatment I gave the 0.15 branch in https://github.com/swaywm/sway/pull/1519
The exact semantics of this command are complicated. I'll describe each
test scenario as s-expressions. Everything assumes L_HORIZ if not
specified, but if you rotate everything 90 degrees the same test cases
hold.
```
(container (view a) (view b focus) (view c))
-> move left
(container (view b focus) (view a) (view c))
(container (view a) (view b focus) (view c))
-> move right
(container (view a) (view c) (view b focus))
(container L_VERT (view a))
(container L_HORIZ
(view b) (view c focus))
-> move up
(container L_VERT
(view a) (view c focus))
(container L_HORIZ (view b))
(workspace
(view a) (view b focus) (view c))
-> move up
(workspace [split direction flipped]
(view b focus)
(container (view a) (view c)))
(workspace
(view a) (view b focus) (view c))
-> move down
(workspace [split direction flipped]
(container (view a) (view c))
(view b focus)))
Note: outputs use wlr_output_layout instead of assuming that i+/-1 is
the next output in the move direction.
(root
(output X11-1
(workspace 1))
(output X11-2
(workspace 1 (view a focus) (view b)))))
-> move left
(root
(output X11-1
(workspace 1 (view a focus)))
(output X11-2
(workspace 1 (view b)))))
(root
(output X11-1
(workspace 1
(container (view a) (view b)))
(output X11-2
(workspace 1 (view c focus)))))
-> move left
(root
(output X11-1
(workspace 1
(container (view a) (view b))
(view c focus)))
(output X11-2
(workspace 1)))
```
Works:
- move [container|window] to workspace <name>
- Note, this should be able to move C_CONTAINER but this is untested
- move [workspace] to output [left|right|up|down|<name>]
Not implemented yet:
- move [left|right|up|down]
- move scratchpad
- move position
Also contains two other small changes:
- Clicking any button will focus the container clicked (not just left)
- Remove seamless_mouse (doesn't make sense on wlroots)
This starts up the event loop and wayland display and shims out the
basic top level rendering concepts. Also includes some changes to
incorporate pango into the 1.x codebase properly.
Xembed support is premature in sway and should be postponed. This commit
only removes swaybar starting xembedsniproxy, if users would like, they
can still start xembedsniproxy manually, however there will be no
official support.
This commit implements the StatusNotifierItem protocol, and enables
swaybar to show tray icons. It also uses `xembedsniproxy` in order to
communicate with xembed applications.
The tray is completely optional, and can be disabled on compile time
with the `enable-tray` option. Or on runtime with the bar config option
`tray_output none`.
Overview of changes:
In swaybar very little is changed outside the tray subfolder except
that all events are now polled in `event_loop.c`, this creates no
functional difference.
Six bar configuration options were added, these are detailed in
sway-bar(5)
The tray subfolder is where all protocol implementation takes place and
is organised as follows:
tray/sni_watcher.c:
This file contains the StatusNotifierWatcher. It keeps track of
items and hosts and reports when they come or go.
tray/tray.c
This file contains the StatusNotifierHost. It keeps track of
sway's version of the items and represents the tray itself.
tray/sni.c
This file contains the StatusNotifierItem struct and all
communication with individual items.
tray/icon.c
This file implements the icon theme protocol. It allows for
finding icons by name, rather than by pixmap.
tray/dbus.c
This file allows for asynchronous DBus communication.
See #986#343
_sway_assert is a variadic function which tries
to delegate to another variadic function. This
requires a vprintf-style variant of the delegate.
https://stackoverflow.com/a/150616
This commit changes how commands decide what container to act on.
Commands get the current container though `current_container`, a global
defined in sway/commands.c. If a criteria is given before a command,
then the following command will be run once for every container the
criteria matches with a reference to the matching container in
'current_container'. Commands should use this instead of
`get_focused_container()` from now on.
This commit also fixes a few (minor) mistakes made in implementing marks
such as non-escaped arrows in sway(5) and calling the "mark" command
"floating" by accident. It also cleans up `criteria.c` in a few places.
This commit adds three commands to sway: `show_marks`, `mark` and
`unmark`. Marks are displayed right-aligned in the window border as i3
does. Marks may be found using criteria.
Fixes#1007
This commit lets the 'move' command apply to floating containers as well
as tiled ones. The command may be appended with a number of pixels and
then optionally the string `px` (like '10 px') in order to move the
container more or fewer than the standard ten pixels.
Colors are configured through the command line so that swaylock conforms
to the i3lock fork 'github.com/chrjguill/i3lock-color'. Differences from
it are that one letter options '-r' and '-s' are not implimentend because
'-s' is already used by '--scaling' in swaylock.
This commit also fixed whitespace in 'include/swaylock/swaylock.h' and
changed `parse_color` in 'common/util.h' so that it can accept colors
that do not start with a hash. This was done to keep compatability with
the i3lock fork.
This fixes issue #733. Now if the user focuses output right but is at
the rightmost monitor, the focus will wrap the the leftmost monitor.
This commit adds a new function, swayc_opposite_output, which selects
the opposite output given a position and a direction. Now, when calling
output_by_name, we first check if there is an adjacent output to switch
to. If that fails, we call swayc_opposite_output to handle wrapping.
- added L_AUTO_FIRST/LAST instead of using explicit layouts.
- when switching between auto layout that don't share the same major axis, invert the
width/height of their child views to preserve their relative proportions.
For workspace containers, swayc_change_layout also changes ->layout alongside
->workspace_layout when it's a sensible thing to do. There is an additional test
for 'layout toggle' command which ensures that containers will be tiled
horizontally after toggling from tabbed or stacked.
Some users may want to switch buttons on their input devices, turns out
libinput already supports it. Let's add a support for it in our config.
Signed-off-by: Michał Winiarski <knr@hardline.pl>
Add swayc_change_layout function, which changes either layout or
workspace_layout, depending on the container type. Workspace being
always L_HORIZ makes this much more i3-compatible.
Replace `update_view_border()` with `update_container_border()`. The latter
should handle both the case where the container is a view or if the container
has children.
The previous implementation of focus handling assumed that only views can be
focused. Containers can also be focused with a command like `focus parent` or
`focus child`.
Change `set_focused_container()` to handle the case of the given container
being a container with children and update borders accordingly.
When titlebar is hidden, top border of the topmost view inside
tabbed/stacked container will not be drawn. This is changed in layout.c
On the other hand, top border should be drawn sometimes, for example
when titlebar is hidden on a view that is not the topmost inside
tabbed/stacked container. This is changed in border.c
Panels were explicitly rendered by calling wlc_surface_render in
handle_output_pre_render. Calling wlc_surface_render does not set the
surface's geometry (like wlc_view_set_geometry does). Sway did not call
wlc_view_set_geometry for panels, so wlc defaulted their geometry to be at
the origin. This is not correct for bars unless their location is top.
Furthermore, for a surface to receive pointer events, its mask has to be
set to visible. This causes wlc to render these surfaces, causing panels
and backgrounds to be rendered twice.
This commit makes panels and surfaces visible, sets the correct geometries
and removes the code that explicitly rendered them.
Tabbed/stacked containers are now created only if a view is present on
the workspace. If a view is created on previously empty tabbed/stacked
workspace, it gets wrapped in a container.
Prior to this commit all windows (e.g. shell surfaces) were handled the same
way in handle_view_created. Since backgrounds and panels have to be treated
differently, they could not be shell surfaces. This changes checks whether
a client is a background or a panel in handle_view_created and exists to
let them be dealt with elsewhere.
Values cannot be negative or 0; if so uses the default 75x50.
Uses the same syntax as i3: floating_minimum_size <width> x <height>, although the x can be anything.
This patch makes sure to clear the border buffer of fullscreen view so
the border doesn't get drawn behind a fullscreen view, which would be
visible if the view was transparent.
I made this configurable but I didn't make the command for it. That's
left as an exercise to an eager contributor.
mod_scroll_behavior [gaps inner|gaps outer]
Would merge implementions of more behaviors for mod+scroll, if anyone
has some neato ideas.
The borders are implemented as a surface/buffer attached to each view
which is sent to and rendered by wlc in the view_pre_render callback.
All the drawing logic is handled in sway/border.c and all the logic for
calculating the geometry of the border/view is handled in
`update_geometry` in sway/layout.c (same place as gaps are calculated).
The include command (`include <path>`) makes it possible to include sub
config files from the main config file (or from within other sub config
files).
The include command uses the following rules for including config files:
* the `path` can be either a full path or a path that is relative to the
parent config. Shell expansion is supported, so it's possible to do
`include ~/.config/sway.d/*`.
* The same config file can only be included once (to prevent include
cycles). If a config is included multiple times it will just be
ignored after it has been included once.
* Including a sub config file is the same as inserting the content of
that file into the parent config, thus rules about overwriting
bindsyms etc. works the same as for a single config.
Implement #542
desktop_shell.panel_size was only used to determine if sway should
rearrange the output when rendering the panel in the output_pre_render
hook. This is not needed since the output will have been arranged at
that point.
It also caused sway to rearrange all the time when running with two
or more different monitors/resolutions because panel_size kept changing
with every output_pre_render callback.
Should fix#514
It's possible to assign workspaces to certain outputs using the command:
workspace <name> output <output>
However, this did not work in some cases where the workspace was
assigned before the given output was made available to sway.
This patch fixes those cases.
Calling `exit` in sway_terminate prevents sway from correctly shutting
down (freeing data, cleanly terminating the ipc server, etc.).
A better way is to exit straight away if the failure occurs before
`wlc_run` and use sway_abort as usual if it occur when wlc is running.
This makes IPC GET_PIXELS use the new `wlc_pixels_read` call instead of
the deprecated `wlc_output_get_pixels`.
The old version worked by passing a callback function to wlc which would
grab the pixels and send them to the IPC client.
The new version works by maintaining a list of clients who have
requested the pixels of some output and then grap and send the pixels in
the output_post_render hook of the `wlc_interface`.
This adds quotes around multiword arguments before they are passed to
`/bin/sh -c` in an exec command.
Example:
I connect to irc like this:
exec termite -e "mosh server tmux a"
Without this patch the arguments are passed to sh as:
termite -e mosh server tmux a
When it should be:
termite -e "mosh server tmux a"
For the command to work.
This implements the IPC binding event for keyboard bindings. It is
slightly different from the i3 implementation [1] since sway supports
more than one non-modifier key in a binding. Thus the json interface has
been changed from:
{
...
"symbol": "t",
...
}
to:
{
...
"symbols": [ "t" ],
...
}
[1] http://i3wm.org/docs/ipc.html#_binding_event
This is a "simple" version of --release (same as i3) that only supports
a binding that contain one normal key. e.g.:
bindsym --release $mod+x exec somthing-fun
I didn't bother implementing it for a combination like `$mod+x+z` since
it is a bit tricky to get right and also a bit weird to actually do on a
keyboard.
This makes sure that a modifier event is only sent for active bar
modifiers, and that it is only sent once for each of those modifiers.
An active bar modifier is a modifier defined for a bar with `mode hide`
and `hidden_state hide`.
Detects when a bar modifier key is pressed/released and sends a modifier
IPC event to any listeners (usually swaybars).
This way a swaybar can listen on the modifier event and hide/show the
bar accordingly (not implemented yet)
The modifier event looks like this:
{
"change": "pressed", // or released
"modifier": "Mod4"
}
Makes `ipc_recv_response` return a struct with size, type and payload
rather than just the payload string.
This is useful if the type has to be checked on the client.
I've tried to make as few changes, as possible.
Usually the reason for using qsort_r is, that you can pass an extra userdata pointer to the
compare function. However, in sway list_sort wrapped qsort_r and always called a wrapper
function for comparing, the wrapper function then had the real compare function as argument.
The only thing, that the wrapper function does, is dereferencing the 'left' and 'right' function
arguments before passing them to the real compare function.
I have renamed list_sort to list_qsort to avoid confusion (so nobody tries to use list_qsort like
list_sort) and removed the wrapper functionality. Now the dereferencing must be done in the
compare function, that gets passed.
Some compare functions were used in both list_sort and list_seq_find. To make the difference
clear, I've added a '_qsort' suffix to the compare functions, that are intended to be used with
the new list_qsort. (In other words: list_qsort is not compatible anymore with list_seq_find).
- Changed and renamed function (it isn't used anywhere but in commands.c, and only for sorting):
compare_set -> compare_set_qsort
- New wrapper functions:
sway_binding_cmp_qsort (for sway_binding_cmp)
sway_mouse_binding_cmp_qsort (for sway_mouse_binding_cmp)