"max bpc" is a maximum value, the driver is free to choose a
smaller value depending on the bandwidth available.
Some faulty monitors misbehave with higher bpc values. We'll add
a workaround if users get hit by these in practice.
References: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/weston/-/issues/612
The EDID 1.4 spec says that the serial number is optional:
> If this field is not used, then enter “00h, 00h, 00h, 00h”.
Leave the wlr_output.serial field NULL in that case, and hide it
from the output description.
Some output commits (changing e.g. the output scale or transform)
don't require any change in the KMS state. Instead of going through
a KMS commit, return early. Blocking KMS commits can be expensive.
Maintaining our internal table up-to-date is tedious: one needs to
manually go through the PnP ID registry [1] and check whether we're
missing any entry.
udev_hwdb already has an API to fetch a manufacturer name from its
PnP ID. Use that instead.
[1]: https://uefi.org/pnp_id_list
wlroots picks names for all outputs, but it might be desirable for
compositor to override it.
For instance, Sway will use a headless output as a fallback in
case no outputs are connected. Sway wants to clearly label the
fallback output as such and label "real" headless outputs starting
from HEADLESS-1.
Expose the panel orientation with wlr_drm_connector_get_panel_orientation.
Leave it to the compositor to consume this information and configure the
output accordingly.
Closes: https://github.com/swaywm/wlroots/issues/1581
Modesets require a buffer. The DRM backend tried to auto-enable
outputs when a CRTC becomes available in the past, but now that
fails because no buffer is available.
Instead of having this magic inside the DRM backend, a better
approach is to do it in the compositor or in an optional helper.
Previously, we were copying wlr_output_state on the stack and
patching it up to be guaranteed to have a proper drmModeModeInfo
stored in it (and not a custom mode). Also, we had a bunch of
helpers deriving DRM-specific information from the generic
wlr_output_state.
Copying the wlr_output_state worked fine so far, but with output
layers we'll be getting a wl_list in there. An empty wl_list stores
two pointers to itself, copying it on the stack blindly results in
infinite loops in wl_list_for_each.
To fix this, rework our DRM backend to stop copying wlr_output_state,
instead add a new struct wlr_drm_connector_state which holds both
the wlr_output_state and additional DRM-specific information.
Using GBM to import DRM dumb buffers tends to not work well. By
using GBM we're calling some driver-specific functions in Mesa.
These functions check whether Mesa can work with the buffer.
Sometimes Mesa has requirements which differ from DRM dumb buffers
and the GBM import will fail (e.g. on amdgpu).
Instead, drop GBM and use drmPrimeFDToHandle directly. But there's
a twist: BO handles are not ref'counted by the kernel and need to
be ref'counted in user-space [1]. libdrm usually performs this
bookkeeping and is used under-the-hood by Mesa.
We can't re-use libdrm for this task without using driver-specific
APIs. So let's just re-implement the ref'counting logic in wlroots.
The wlroots implementation is inspired from amdgpu's in libdrm [2].
Closes: https://github.com/swaywm/wlroots/issues/2916
[1]: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/drm/-/merge_requests/110
[2]: 1a4c0ec9ae/amdgpu/handle_table.c
The Coordinated Video Timings (CVT) spec [1] defines two types of
timings: the "CVT standard CRT" timings and the "CVT reduced blanking"
timings (see section 3.6).
The standard CRT timings include pauses in the video stream to allow
CRT displays to reposition their electron beam at the end of each
horizontal scan line [2]. While this was desirable a few decades ago,
nowadays we can just generate a CVT reduced blanking timing by default.
wlroots users can still set full custom DRM modes via
wlr_drm_connector_add_mode.
[1]: https://glenwing.github.io/docs/VESA-CVT-1.2.pdf
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Video_Timings#Reduced_blanking
To retrieve the formats, an allocated crtc is required. If there is no
currently no crtc available, try to allocate it. This reproducable by
having a disabled output and going through a suspend cycle with amdgpu.
On start CRTCs look like this:
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1099] Reallocating CRTCs
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1110] State before reallocation:
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'DP-1' crtc=0 state=1 desired_enabled=1
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'DP-2' crtc=1 state=1 desired_enabled=1
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'HDMI-A-1' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'HDMI-A-2' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'DVI-D-1' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1167] State after reallocation:
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'DP-1' crtc=0 state=1 desired_enabled=1
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'DP-2' crtc=1 state=1 desired_enabled=1
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'HDMI-A-1' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'HDMI-A-2' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:00:00.588 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'DVI-D-1' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
where DP-1 is than disabled. After suspend/resume, allocation turns into:
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1099] Reallocating CRTCs
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1110] State before reallocation:
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'DP-1' crtc=-1 state=1 desired_enabled=0
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'DP-2' crtc=1 state=3 desired_enabled=1
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'HDMI-A-1' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'HDMI-A-2' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1116] 'DVI-D-1' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1167] State after reallocation:
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'DP-1' crtc=-1 state=1 desired_enabled=0
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'DP-2' crtc=1 state=3 desired_enabled=1
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'HDMI-A-1' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'HDMI-A-2' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
00:30:22.680 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:1174] 'DVI-D-1' crtc=-1 state=0 desired_enabled=0
where the crtc for DP-1 is now NULL. Trying to enable the output results
in:
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:351] Turning on output DP-1
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:360] Set preferred mode
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:366] Preferred mode rejected, falling back to another mode
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.906 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.906 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:400] Auto-detected output scale: 1.000000
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:430] Committing output DP-1
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:464] connector DP-1: Can't enable an output without a buffer
10:43:36.907 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:512] Failed to get primary display formats
10:43:36.907 [ERROR] [sway/config/output.c:435] Failed to commit output DP-1
where the primary format can't be queried since there is no crtc
allocated for the connector. Allocating the connector inside
drm_connector_get_primary_formats() fixes this issue. This is possible
since the only user of get_primary_formats() is the swapchain allocation
function, which is only called on output enable. Do the same thing for
the cursor formats in case the user queries them before the output is
enabled.
This reverts commit 85757665e6.
We now check if the output is enabled within wlr_output_send_frame, no
need to handle this explicitly in the DRM backend. This also fixes a
race which was introduced with this commit: if we schedule the flip,
disable and commit the output before the flip happens,
output.frame_pending will not be reset to false. We than always fail to
enable the output subsequently:
00:07:13.276 [INFO] [sway/commands.c:257] Handling command 'output DP-2 enable'
00:07:13.276 [DEBUG] [sway/commands.c:428] Subcommand: enable
00:07:13.276 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:204] Merging on top of existing output config
00:07:13.276 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:227] Config stored for output DP-2 (enabled: 1) (-1x-1@-1.000000Hz position 0,0 scale -1.000000 subpixel unknown transform -1) (bg /home/phoenix/Pictures/Wallpapers/mine/oper.jpg fill) (dpms 1) (max render time: -1)
00:07:13.276 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:351] Turning on output DP-2
00:07:13.276 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:360] Set preferred mode
00:07:13.276 [DEBUG] [wlr] [backend/drm/drm.c:465] connector DP-2: Can't enable an output without a buffer
00:07:13.276 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:689] Attaching empty buffer to output for modeset
00:07:13.277 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:329] Output DPI: 162.560000x161.364706
00:07:13.277 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:400] Auto-detected output scale: 1.000000
00:07:13.277 [DEBUG] [sway/config/output.c:430] Committing output DP-2
00:07:13.277 [DEBUG] [wlr] [types/wlr_output.c:729] Tried to commit a buffer while a frame is pending
since the basic_output_test will always fail.
Reset frame_pending to false even if the output has been disabled in the
meantime.
Fixes https://github.com/swaywm/wlroots/issues/3109
When testing a modeset, make sure the caller has also provided a
buffer. This allows df0e75ba05 ("output: try skipping buffer
allocation if the backend allows it") to work as expected with the
DRM backend.
Closes: https://github.com/swaywm/wlroots/issues/3086
Unless we're dealing with a multi-GPU setup and the backend being
initialized is secondary, we don't need a renderer nor an allocator.
Stop initializing these.
This is the cause of the spurious "drmHandleEvent failed" messages
at exit. restore_drm_outputs calls handle_drm_event in a loop without
checking whether the FD is readable, so drmHandleEvent ends up with a
short read (0 bytes) and returns an error.
The loop's goal is to wait for all queued page-flip events to complete,
to allow drmModeSetCrtc calls to succeed without EBUSY. The
drmModeSetCrtc calls are supposed to restore whatever KMS state we were
started with. But it's not clear from my PoV that restoring the KMS
state on exit is desirable.
KMS clients are supposed to save and restore the (full) KMS state on VT
switch, but not on exit. Leaving our KMS state on exit avoids unnecessary
modesets and allows flicker-free transitions between clients. See [1]
for more details, and note that with Pekka we've concluded that a new
flag to reset some KMS props to their default value on compositor
start-up is the best way forward. As a side note, Weston doesn't restore
the CRTC by does disable the cursor plane on exit (see
drm_output_deinit_planes, I still think disabling the cursor plane
shouldn't be necessary on exit).
Additionally, restore_drm_outputs only a subset of the KMS state.
Gamma and other atomic properties aren't accounted for. If the previous
KMS client had some outputs disabled, restore_drm_outputs would restore
a garbage mode.
[1]: https://blog.ffwll.ch/2016/01/vt-switching-with-atomic-modeset.html
Simon Ser
Isaac Freund
Samuel Čavoj
Kirill Primak
Simon Zeni
Rouven Czerwinski